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Dec 31
7m 38s

437. A Candle in the Darkness – Philipp ...

SURGERY 101 TEAM
About this episode
In 1806, physician Philipp Bozzini introduced the Lichtleiter, a candle-lit, mirror-lined instrument designed for direct visual inspection of internal organs—an idea far ahead of its time and initially met with skepticism. Though dismissed by many contemporaries, the device is now recognized as the first true endoscope, establishing Bozzini as the founder of ... Show More
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Jan 14
439. The Semiflexible Era: Schindler and the Pre-Fiberoptic Revolution
By the early 20th century, endoscopy had evolved from candle-lit brass tubes into electrically illuminated rigid instruments. The decisive shift toward flexibility — the stage upon which Rudolf Schindler would make his contribution — was the product of several converging advances ... Show More
10m 16s
Jan 7
438. From Mirrors to Incandescent Bulbs: The 19th- Century Leap
By the mid-19th century, improvements in illumination and optics transformed endoscopy from a theoretical idea into a practical clinical tool, culminating in Antoine Jean Desormeaux's work in Paris in 1853. Building on Bozzini's Lichtleiter and frustrated by diagnostic limits of ... Show More
10m 7s
Dec 17
436. Endoscopy vs Laparoscopy and the Beginnings
Technological progress in medicine, as in other fields, emerges from the interplay of incremental refinement and decisive breakthroughs—those moments when a missing element is discovered and the path forward suddenly accelerates. The evolution of endoscopic surgery over the last ... Show More
10m 51s
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