knowingly planting the seeds of rebellion. His secret police stifle political dissent. He's dismissive of the religious community. He ignorant the effects of his economic policies.

Meanwhile, Ayatollah Khomeini is in exile but slowly building his base and sharpening his message. Despite his advanced age, he's confident the people of Iran want more than the Shah's empty materialism.

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The Show Notes are available at IslamicLearningMaterials.com/Iran2

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1d:T60d,In this episode, we explore the fragile balance of power during the later years of the Umayyad Caliphate under Caliph Hisham ibn Abdul Malik. Between 112–114 AH (731–733 CE), the empire faced crushing defeats on nearly every frontier. Yet Hisham refused to abandon his policy of ceaseless expansion. Temporary truces bought the Caliphate breathing room, but soon the armies were back in motion—sometimes roaring, sometimes limping—toward new campaigns. From 115–120 AH, the Umayyads managed a partial comeback. Victories against the Turgesh in Central Asia, renewed advances in Sindh, and territorial gains in France seemed to restore momentum. But these successes often proved hollow. Each campaign drained the Caliphate’s coffers and manpower, leaving little capacity to improve life for its citizens. Meanwhile, internal cracks widened. The Mawali, non-Arab converts to Islam, increasingly protested an unjust ta

The Shah And The Ayatollah Part II