logo
episode-header-image
Nov 2018
52m 59s

40 - Phage

Adam Rodman, MD, MPH, FACP
About this episode

Bacteriophages -- viruses that target and kill bacteria -- were one of the most promising medical treatments of the early 20th century, and were used to treat all sorts of infections, from cholera to staph, and everything in between. But by the 1950s, they had all but died out in the West. This episode tells the story of the humble phage, from its discovery in the waters of the Ganges, love trysts ending in a KGB execution, and to a resurgence of this once forgotten therapy in the 21st century as an answer to antibiotic resistance.

Sources:

 

  • Abedon ST, Bacteriophage prehistory: Is or is not Hankin, 1896, a phage reference? Bacteriophage. 2011 May-Jun; 1(3): 174–178.
  • Blair JE and Williams REO, “Phage Typing of Staphylococci,” Bull Org mond. Ste, 1961, 24, 771-784.
  • Davis BM and Waldor MK, Filamentous phages linked to virulence of Vibrio cholera, Current Opinion in Microbiology 2003, 6:35-42.
  • d’Herelle F, “Bacteriophage as a treatment in acute medical and surgical infections,” Bull N Y Acad Med. 1931 May; 7(5): 329–348.
  • d'Herelle F.  Sur un microbe invisible antagoniste des baccilles dysenteriques.  CR Acad Sci Paris 1917,163,173-5.
  • Eaton MD, Bayne-Jones S. Bacteriophage Therapy. JAMA 1934; 103:1769-76; 1847-53; 1934-9.
  • Fruciano DE and Bourne S, Phage as an antimicrobial agent: d’Herelle's heretical theories and their role in the decline of phage prophylaxis in the West, Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2007 Jan; 18(1): 19–26
  • Hankin EH.  L'action bactericide des eaux de la Jumna at du Gange sur le vibrion du cholere. Ann Int Pasteur (Paris) 1896,10,511-23.
  • Himmelweit F. Combined action of penicillin and bacteriophage on Staphylococci. Lancet. 1945;ii:104.
  • Hicks DJ et al, “Developments in rabies vaccines,” Clin Exp Immunol. 2012 Sep; 169(3): 199–204.
  • Kingwell K, Bacteriophage therapies re-enter clinical trials, Nature, Vol 14, Aug 2015, 515.
  • Jensen MA et al, Modeling the role of bacteriophage in the control of cholera outbreaks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 21; 103(12): 4652–4657.
  • Hargreaves KR and Clokie MRJ, Clostridium difficile phages: still difficult? Front Microbiol. 2014 Apr 28;5:184.
  • La Fee S and Buschman H, Novel Phage Therapy Saves Patient with Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infection. Retrieved from: https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/Pages/2017-04-25-novel-phage-therapy-saves-patient-with-multidrug-resistant-bacterial-infection.aspx
  • Leitner L et al, Bacteriophages for treating urinary tract infections in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. BMC Urol. 2017 Sep 26;17(1):90.
  • Pearce J, Louis Pasteur and Rabies: a brief note, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2002;73:82.
  • Schooley et al, Development and use of personalized bacteriophage-based therapeutic cocktails to treat a patient with a disseminated resistant acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy, 14 Aug 2017.
  • Strathdee S, How Sewage Saved My Husband's Life from a Superbug, TEDxNashville, retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbAZU8FqzX4.
  • Summers WC, Bacteriophage Therapy, Annual Review of Microbiology, Vol. 55:437-451 (Volume publication date October 2001)
  • Summers WC, The strange history of phage therapy. Bacteriophage. 2012 Apr 1; 2(2): 130–133.
  • Taylor M.W. (2014) Introduction: A Short History of Virology. In: Viruses and Man: A History of Interactions. Springer, Cham
  • Thiel, K. (2004). Old dogma, new tricks—21st Century phage therapy. Nature Biotechnology, 22(1), 31–36.
  • Twort FW, An investigation on the nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses, The Lancet, Jan 10th, 1914. 101.
  • Wittebole X et al, A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Virulence. 2014 Jan 1; 5(1): 226–235.
  • Ujmajuridze et al, Adapted Bacteriophages for Treating Urinary Tract Infections. Front Microbiol. 2018; 9: 1832.
  • Ventola CL, “The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and Threats,” P T. 2015 Apr; 40(4): 277–283.
Up next
Sep 2023
74 - R2D2
What does it mean when a computer can make better medical decisions than a human? The progress in large language models, and in particular the popularity of ChatGPT, has brought these questions to the forefront in 2023, but we’ve been discussing this for over 50 years. In this ep ... Show More
33m 22s
Jun 2023
73 - Seadragon
What happens when a patient far from surgical care – say, at the bottom of the Pacific ocean on a submarine, or at a research base in Antarctica in the middle of the winter – develops a surgical abdomen? This dilemma was the impetus to build the first truly effective clinical dec ... Show More
27m 57s
Mar 2023
72 - Problems
American doctors spend the majority of their time during the day on the computer, either writing or reading notes about their patients; only a small fraction is spent with the human beings in their care. Technology itself – especially the electronic medical record – has often bee ... Show More
52m 3s
Recommended Episodes
Oct 2022
Podcast 824: Catheter-Related Blood Infections
Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: Catheter related blood infections were thought to be caused by skin flora seeding the catheter. Thus, significant effort is applied to sterility and skin preparation.   However, studies have shown that bacteria growing on the ti ... Show More
3 m
Jul 2022
Are viruses the key to fighting infections?
We are running out of ammunition against certain infections, as bacteria increasingly evade the antibiotics we’ve relied on for nearly a century. Could bacteriophages – viruses that hunt and kill bacteria – be part of the solution? In 2019, CrowdScience travelled to Georgia where ... Show More
32m 28s
Mar 2021
Fungus Amongus | GameChangers
Aspirgillosis is a deadly fungal infection that is a major cause of mortality in patients with impaired immune systems. The current standard of care has been voriconazole due to the favorable side effect profile compared to amphotericin. However, posaconazole may not have there a ... Show More
26m 58s
Dec 2019
Qu'est-ce que la phagothérapie ?
La phagothérapie est une méthode de traitement des infections bactériennes, qui utilise des bactériophages. Sauf exception, elle n’est plus pratiquée en occident depuis des décennies. Mais face à l’antibiorésistance, de plus en plus de médecins et chercheurs y voient une solution ... Show More
4m 10s
Sep 2022
Penicillin: More than a Moldy Petri Dish
The development of penicillin started – but definitely did not end – with the chance discovery of some mold in a petri dish. There is so much more to the story. Research: Bernard, Diane. “How a miracle drug changed the fight against infection during World War II.” Washington Post ... Show More
44m 31s
Dec 2023
#283 ‒ Gut health & the microbiome: improving and maintaining the microbiome, probiotics, prebiotics, innovative treatments, and more | Colleen Cutcliffe, Ph.D.
View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Colleen Cutcliffe is an expert in molecular biology and co-founder of Pendulum Therapeutics, a company working to develop treatments for a variety o ... Show More
2h 32m
May 2020
Ep 50 Antibiotics: We owe it all to chemistry!
Fifty episodes. That’s fifty (sometimes) deadly viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasites, and poisons. And don’t forget the fifty quarantinis to accompany each! What better way to celebrate this momentous occasion than talking about something that may actually save you: antibiotics ... Show More
1h 59m
Sep 2021
Ep 82 Anthrax: The Hardcore Spore
Twenty years ago this month, letters containing Bacillus anthracis spores were mailed to various politicians and news media offices in the US, resulting in illness, death, and a widespread fear that transformed anthrax from an agricultural disease or occupational hazard into a po ... Show More
1h 54m
Dec 2023
36. Does tranexamic acid increase the risk of thromboembolism?
Dr. Zach Cost and Dr. Tem Bendapudi join the show to discuss the literature pertaining to tranexamic acid and thromboembolic risk. Dr. Zach Cost is an anesthesia resident at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Pavan (“Tem”) Bendapudi holds a joint faculty appointment in the D ... Show More
1 h