A case goes wrong. There is a complication, maybe a lawsuit, and suddenly the question is not just what happened in the room. It is what got recorded, who owns it, what a plaintiff's attorney can pull into discovery, and whether that same pile of data is a target for people who want to steal it. Join Drs. Scott Steele, Mason Pearce, and Teodor Grantcharov, the surgeon who built the OR Black Box, as they walk through what an instrumented operating room actually captures, why peer review privilege protects the review and not the facts, how AI outputs create a new evidentiary layer, and why cybersecurity is a patient safety issue. The surprising part: governed recording more often protects surgeons than exposes them.

Hosts:

Scott Steele, MD, MBA, Colon and Rectal Surgeon; President, Cleveland Clinic Main Campus
Mason Pearce, MD, General Surgery Resident and Clinical Informatics Fellow, University of South Florida; Behind the Knife Education Fellow
Teodor Grantcharov, MD, PhD, Professor of Surgery, Stanford University; Associate Chief Quality Officer for Innovation and Safety, Stanford Health Care; Founder, Aimbient (formerly Surgical Safety Technologies), the company behind the OR Black Box
- Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/teodorgrantcharov/?isSelfProfile=true
- Aimbient’s: https://www.linkedin.com/company/aimbient/
- Disclosure: Dr. Grantcharov is the founder of Aimbient (formerly Surgical Safety Technologies). Platform figures discussed on air (hours of data, number of sites and rooms, data volume per OR-hour, retention period, security record, publication count) are company-reported.

Learning objectives:

Describe the data an instrumented operating room generates (field and room video, audio, device telemetry, EHR timestamps) and how ownership is layered across the institution, the patient's right of access, and the vendor.
Distinguish material that is routinely discoverable (the medical record, operative and anesthesia notes, device logs) from contested material (intraoperative video and quality review analytics).
Explain why peer review protections cover the review process rather than the underlying facts, vary by state, and depend on how the institution structures its quality program.
Recognize how AI alerts and risk scores add a new evidentiary layer to clinical decisions.
Explain why cybersecurity is a patient safety issue, using the 2024 Change Healthcare ransomware attack as an example, and name the security basics (multifactor authentication, least-privilege access, security risk analysis) surgeons should ask about.
Apply three practical steps: know who the custodian of your operative data is, insist that recording programs run as governed quality and peer review programs, and ask whether a security risk analysis was done before any new vendor goes live.

References:

Goldenberg MG, Jung J, Grantcharov TP. Using data to enhance performance and improve quality and safety in surgery. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(10):972-973. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28813552/
Jung JJ, Jüni P, Lebovic G, Grantcharov T. First-year analysis of the operating room black box study. Ann Surg. 2020;271(1):122-127. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29916872/
Prigoff JG, Sherwin M, Divino CM. Ethical recommendations for video recording in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2016;264(1):34-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27123809/
Filicori F, Addison P. Intellectual property and data ownership in the age of video recording in the operating room. Surg Endosc. 2022;36(6):3772-3774. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34468846/
van Dalen ASHM, Legemaate J, Schlack WS, Legemate DA, Schijven MP. Legal perspectives on black box recording devices in the operating environment. Br J Surg. 2019;106(11):1433-1441. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31112294/
van de Graaf FW, Lange MM, Spakman JI, et al. Comparison of systematic video documentation with narrative operative report in colorectal cancer surgery. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(5):381-389. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30673072/
Succar B, Vella MA, Holena D, et al. Trauma video review through the legal lens: improving care while minimizing risk. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(6):978-982. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39240137/
Lavanchy JL, Vardazaryan A, Mascagni P, et al. Preserving privacy in surgical video analysis using a deep learning classifier to identify out-of-body scenes in endoscopic videos. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):9235. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37286660/
Neprash HT, McGlave CC, Cross DA, et al. Trends in ransomware attacks on US hospitals, clinics, and other health care delivery organizations, 2016-2021. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3(12):e224873. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36580326/
Kels CG. Odd man out? The medical peer review privilege in federal litigation. The Federal Lawyer. December 2013. Covers the Health Care Quality Improvement Act (immunity, no discovery privilege) and the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005. Not indexed in PubMed. https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/feature5-dec13-pdf-1.pdf
Healthcare IT News. New numbers from the Change Healthcare data breach: 193 million affected. August 6, 2025. Not indexed in PubMed. New numbers from the Change Healthcare data breach: 193 million affected | Healthcare IT News
Kapko M. Change Healthcare, compromised by stolen credentials, did not have MFA turned on. Healthcare Dive. April 30, 2024. Not indexed in PubMed. Change Healthcare, compromised by stolen credentials, did not have MFA turned on | Healthcare Dive
Alder S. Average cost of a healthcare data breach falls to $7.42 million (IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2025). The HIPAA Journal. July 30, 2025. Not indexed in PubMed. Average Cost of a Healthcare Data Breach Falls to $7.42 Million
The HIPAA Journal. Healthcare data breach statistics. Updated October 2026. Not indexed in PubMed. Healthcare Data Breach Statistics
American Medical Association. Medical cybersecurity: a patient safety issue. Not indexed in PubMed. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/sustainability/medical-cybersecurity-patient-safety-is…
Surgical Safety Technologies rebrands as Aimbient, broadens ambient AI platform. Healthcare Innovation. July 8, 2026. Not indexed in PubMed. Surgical Safety Technologies Rebrands as Aimbient, Broadens Ambient AI Platform

Hosts:

Scott Steele, MD, MBA, Colon and Rectal Surgeon; President, Cleveland Clinic Main Campus
Mason Pearce, MD, General Surgery Resident and Clinical Informatics Fellow, University of South Florida; Behind the Knife Education Fellow
Teodor Grantcharov, MD, PhD, Professor of Surgery, Stanford University; Associate Chief Quality Officer for Innovation and Safety, Stanford Health Care; Founder, Aimbient (formerly Surgical Safety Technologies), the company behind the OR Black Box
- Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/teodorgrantcharov/?isSelfProfile=true
- Aimbient’s: https://www.linkedin.com/company/aimbient/
- Disclosure: Dr. Grantcharov is the founder of Aimbient (formerly Surgical Safety Technologies). Platform figures discussed on air (hours of data, number of sites and rooms, data volume per OR-hour, retention period, security record, publication count) are company-reported.

Learning objectives:

Describe the data an instrumented operating room generates (field and room video, audio, device telemetry, EHR timestamps) and how ownership is layered across the institution, the patient's right of access, and the vendor.
Distinguish material that is routinely discoverable (the medical record, operative and anesthesia notes, device logs) from contested material (intraoperative video and quality review analytics).
Explain why peer review protections cover the review process rather than the underlying facts, vary by state, and depend on how the institution structures its quality program.
Recognize how AI alerts and risk scores add a new evidentiary layer to clinical decisions.
Explain why cybersecurity is a patient safety issue, using the 2024 Change Healthcare ransomware attack as an example, and name the security basics (multifactor authentication, least-privilege access, security risk analysis) surgeons should ask about.
Apply three practical steps: know who the custodian of your operative data is, insist that recording programs run as governed quality and peer review programs, and ask whether a security risk analysis was done before any new vendor goes live.

References:

Goldenberg MG, Jung J, Grantcharov TP. Using data to enhance performance and improve quality and safety in surgery. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(10):972-973. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28813552/
Jung JJ, Jüni P, Lebovic G, Grantcharov T. First-year analysis of the operating room black box study. Ann Surg. 2020;271(1):122-127. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29916872/
Prigoff JG, Sherwin M, Divino CM. Ethical recommendations for video recording in the operating room. Ann Surg. 2016;264(1):34-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27123809/
Filicori F, Addison P. Intellectual property and data ownership in the age of video recording in the operating room. Surg Endosc. 2022;36(6):3772-3774. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34468846/
van Dalen ASHM, Legemaate J, Schlack WS, Legemate DA, Schijven MP. Legal perspectives on black box recording devices in the operating environment. Br J Surg. 2019;106(11):1433-1441. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31112294/
van de Graaf FW, Lange MM, Spakman JI, et al. Comparison of systematic video documentation with narrative operative report in colorectal cancer surgery. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(5):381-389. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30673072/
Succar B, Vella MA, Holena D, et al. Trauma video review through the legal lens: improving care while minimizing risk. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024;97(6):978-982. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39240137/
Lavanchy JL, Vardazaryan A, Mascagni P, et al. Preserving privacy in surgical video analysis using a deep learning classifier to identify out-of-body scenes in endoscopic videos. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):9235. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37286660/
Neprash HT, McGlave CC, Cross DA, et al. Trends in ransomware attacks on US hospitals, clinics, and other health care delivery organizations, 2016-2021. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3(12):e224873. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36580326/
Kels CG. Odd man out? The medical peer review privilege in federal litigation. The Federal Lawyer. December 2013. Covers the Health Care Quality Improvement Act (immunity, no discovery privilege) and the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005. Not indexed in PubMed. https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/feature5-dec13-pdf-1.pdf
Healthcare IT News. New numbers from the Change Healthcare data breach: 193 million affected. August 6, 2025. Not indexed in PubMed. New numbers from the Change Healthcare data breach: 193 million affected | Healthcare IT News
Kapko M. Change Healthcare, compromised by stolen credentials, did not have MFA turned on. Healthcare Dive. April 30, 2024. Not indexed in PubMed. Change Healthcare, compromised by stolen credentials, did not have MFA turned on | Healthcare Dive
Alder S. Average cost of a healthcare data breach falls to $7.42 million (IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2025). The HIPAA Journal. July 30, 2025. Not indexed in PubMed. Average Cost of a Healthcare Data Breach Falls to $7.42 Million
The HIPAA Journal. Healthcare data breach statistics. Updated October 2026. Not indexed in PubMed. Healthcare Data Breach Statistics
American Medical Association. Medical cybersecurity: a patient safety issue. Not indexed in PubMed. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/sustainability/medical-cybersecurity-patient-safety-is…
Surgical Safety Technologies rebrands as Aimbient, broadens ambient AI platform. Healthcare Innovation. July 8, 2026. Not indexed in PubMed. Surgical Safety Technologies Rebrands as Aimbient, Broadens Ambient AI Platform

Clinical Informatics for Surgeons, Episo...