You matched into your dream program... but only after submitting 80 applications, spending thousands of dollars, and losing sleep wondering if anyone was even reading yours. Meanwhile, on the other side of the screen, a program director is staring down a thousand applications for six spots, trying to figure out who's actually serious about coming. Sound familiar? Join Mckenzie Roebuck, Milanie Milan, Sarah Lund, and Bryanna Stukes of CoSEF as they unpack the residency application arms race: why uncertainty drives overapplication, what preference signaling and application caps actually solve, the trade-offs of virtual versus in-person interviews, and how better transparency, advising, holistic review, and even AI might help applicants and programs find the right fit.

Hosts:

Dr. Mckenzie Roebuck, CoSEF BTK Lead, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, mckenzie.rowe@inova.org, insta @mrowemd, X @mrowemd1
Dr. Milanie Milan, Cleveland Clinic, milanie.milan98@gmail.com, insta @m.mdgram
Dr. Sarah Lund, Mayo Clinic, slund@alum.mit.edu, X @DrSarahLund
Dr. Bryanna Stukes, UT Southwestern bryanna.stukes@UTSouthwestern.edu
CoSEF: X @surgedfellows, cosef.org

Learning objectives:

Explain how uncertainty across the residency selection process drives overapplication and distinguish the Match algorithm from the broader application ecosystem
Describe how preference signaling, application caps, and interview format affect applicant and program behavior, including equity trade-offs
Identify ways programs can improve both competitiveness and program-level transparency
Discuss how investment in holistic review and mission-specific selection criteria may improve application review while introducing new challenges.

References:

House Committee on the Judiciary. Medical Mis-Match: How a Residency Hiring Monopoly Harms Patients, Doctors, and the American Public. Published online March 27, 2026.
National Resident Matching Program. Advance Data Tables: 2026 Main Residency Match. NRMP. Published March 20, 2026. Accessed August 2026. https://www.nrmp.org/match-data/2026/03/advance-data-tables-2026-main-residency-match/.
Ulin L, Bernstein SA, Nunes JC, et al. Improving Transparency in the Residency Application Process: Survey Study. JMIR Form Res. 2023;7:e45919. doi:10.2196/45919
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38145482/
American Medical Association. Transparency in the Resident Physician Application Process (Issue Brief). Published online November 2023. Accessed August 2026.
https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/cme-issue-brief-resident-application-process.pdf.
Nilsen K, Walling A, Callaway P, et al. "The End Game" — Students' Perspectives of the National Residency Matching Program: A Focus Group Study. Med Sci Educ. 2018;28(4):729-737. doi:10.1007/s40670-018-0627-1
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34646549/
Weissbart SJ, Kim SJ, Feinn RS, Stock JA. Relationship Between the Number of Residency Applications and the Yearly Match Rate: Time to Start Thinking About an Application Limit? J Grad Med Educ. 2015;7(1):81-85. doi:10.4300/jgme-d-14-00270.1
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26217439/
Angus SV, Williams CM, Kwan B, et al. Drivers of Application Inflation: A National Survey of Internal Medicine Residents. Am J Med. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.01.002
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29355512/
Lund S, Santucci NM, Zarate Rodriguez J, et al. Message Received? Applicant Insights on Preference Signals in General Surgery Residency Recruitment. J Surg Educ. 2026;83(9):104096. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104096
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42418854/
Woodward JM, Gan CY, Foote DC, et al. Thanks for the Signal—Now What? Program Director Perspectives on How Preference Signals Are Shaping General Surgery Residency Recruitment. J Surg Educ. 2026;83(9):104061. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104061
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42418853/
Mullens CL, Picart JK, Dualeh SHA, et al. A Practical Approach for Implementing Holistic Review for General Surgery Resident Recruitment. J Surg Educ. 2026;83(9):104069. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104069
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42436210/

Hosts:

Dr. Mckenzie Roebuck, CoSEF BTK Lead, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, mckenzie.rowe@inova.org, insta @mrowemd, X @mrowemd1
Dr. Milanie Milan, Cleveland Clinic, milanie.milan98@gmail.com, insta @m.mdgram
Dr. Sarah Lund, Mayo Clinic, slund@alum.mit.edu, X @DrSarahLund
Dr. Bryanna Stukes, UT Southwestern bryanna.stukes@UTSouthwestern.edu
CoSEF: X @surgedfellows, cosef.org

Learning objectives:

Explain how uncertainty across the residency selection process drives overapplication and distinguish the Match algorithm from the broader application ecosystem
Describe how preference signaling, application caps, and interview format affect applicant and program behavior, including equity trade-offs
Identify ways programs can improve both competitiveness and program-level transparency
Discuss how investment in holistic review and mission-specific selection criteria may improve application review while introducing new challenges.

References:

House Committee on the Judiciary. Medical Mis-Match: How a Residency Hiring Monopoly Harms Patients, Doctors, and the American Public. Published online March 27, 2026.
National Resident Matching Program. Advance Data Tables: 2026 Main Residency Match. NRMP. Published March 20, 2026. Accessed August 2026. https://www.nrmp.org/match-data/2026/03/advance-data-tables-2026-main-residency-match/.
Ulin L, Bernstein SA, Nunes JC, et al. Improving Transparency in the Residency Application Process: Survey Study. JMIR Form Res. 2023;7:e45919. doi:10.2196/45919
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38145482/
American Medical Association. Transparency in the Resident Physician Application Process (Issue Brief). Published online November 2023. Accessed August 2026.
https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/cme-issue-brief-resident-application-process.pdf.
Nilsen K, Walling A, Callaway P, et al. "The End Game" — Students' Perspectives of the National Residency Matching Program: A Focus Group Study. Med Sci Educ. 2018;28(4):729-737. doi:10.1007/s40670-018-0627-1
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34646549/
Weissbart SJ, Kim SJ, Feinn RS, Stock JA. Relationship Between the Number of Residency Applications and the Yearly Match Rate: Time to Start Thinking About an Application Limit? J Grad Med Educ. 2015;7(1):81-85. doi:10.4300/jgme-d-14-00270.1
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26217439/
Angus SV, Williams CM, Kwan B, et al. Drivers of Application Inflation: A National Survey of Internal Medicine Residents. Am J Med. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.01.002
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29355512/
Lund S, Santucci NM, Zarate Rodriguez J, et al. Message Received? Applicant Insights on Preference Signals in General Surgery Residency Recruitment. J Surg Educ. 2026;83(9):104096. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104096
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42418854/
Woodward JM, Gan CY, Foote DC, et al. Thanks for the Signal—Now What? Program Director Perspectives on How Preference Signals Are Shaping General Surgery Residency Recruitment. J Surg Educ. 2026;83(9):104061. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104061
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42418853/
Mullens CL, Picart JK, Dualeh SHA, et al. A Practical Approach for Implementing Holistic Review for General Surgery Resident Recruitment. J Surg Educ. 2026;83(9):104069. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104069
- PubMed Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42436210/

Beyond the Match, Episode 2: Application...