Understanding ECG Waveforms: Normal vs. Abnormal

Guest: Dr. Peter van Dam

Host: Anthony H. Kashou, M.D.

The ECG interpretation is majorly driven by event detection, i.e. QRS onset and end, QT time, P wave etc. From these we can determine the normal heart rhythm, and some performance measures, like heart rate etc. The ECG waveforms, however, are much less understood. This is a pity, as ECG waveforms, provide instantaneous information on the electrophysiological and structural function of the heart. In this respect it is interesting to know if there is something like a normal ECG waveform or normal PathECG (CineECG). This latter technique is a vector-based method to estimate the electrical position of a moving vector within the heart. Similar normal distributions can be created to compare to the normal ECGs.

Topics Discussed

How can we define a normal ECG waveform? (ECGs from healthy normal people for different age groups, I used about 6000 normal ECGs, correction for heart rate by resampling to standard QT time (400 ms for instance, these ECGs can be used to create a distribution of amplitudes and derived signals (CineECG) to compare an ECG too)
What is needed for an accurate waveform comparison? (Good baseline correction, not filtering, but baseline correction) What is the onset and end of the P-wave, QRS and T wave?)
Are normal ECGs waveforms different from abnormal ECG waveforms? (Of course they overlap, describe left bundle branch block, or ischemia, with long QRS or deviating ST segment )
Did you use this method to classify ECGs as normal or abnormal? (results from our study (manuscript in preparation) that any QRST sequence in an ECG can be classified as abnormal with an accuracy (AUC) of more than 81%. In our study population 15% of the patients had only atrial related abnormal ECGS)

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Understanding ECG Waveforms: Normal vs. ...