Virtually every apartment project is going to be constrained by parking. That one factor will determine the density that is going to be possible.
In rental apartments, charging for parking is going to very from one area to another.
For example in a dense urban area like NYC or Boston, it’s fairly routine to charge for parking. In fact, in cities like NY, I consider a car to be more of a liability than an asset. Those areas have very effective public transit and finding parking at your destination is going to take so much time that you would spend less time and less money if you simply took an Uber or a Taxi to your destination.
In less dense areas and in places where public transit is not deeply ingrained into the culture like in Texas or Arizona, a car is a must. The distances are too large and public transit simply is not an option. Except in the rarest of instances, parking is free. So when you are designing your apartment project, how much land should you allocate to parking? Well, you’ll be surprised to hear that it’s about the same as your floor area ratio.
By the time you factor in visitor parking and accessible parking, the parking ratio is going to be pretty close to 2 parking spaces for every apartment. Some projects are not going to be viable with less than a parking ratio of less than 1.75. I’m seeing cities create incentives to reduce the parking ratio below 1.0. In some cases I’m seeing ratios of 0.7 and 0.5. In places where there is public transit within walking distance, I’m seeing buildings approved with zero parking. I personally don’t think that the market will support those buildings in the long term. If someone wants to own a car at some point, they need to move. If they get into a relationship with someone who owns a car, that person faces the choice of parking or their new found relationship. Chances are they will have to move. This translates into higher tenant turnover.
Parking is a loss leader from the perspective of a developer. It is not a source of revenue, and is simply a necessary cost.